Several hydrocarbon-producing pathways in living systems can produce molecules that are similar to those found in petrol, diesel and jet fuel, including, isoprenoids, fatty acids and polyketides. In addition to these hydrocarbons, higher alcohols (hydrocarbon chains longer than ethanol) are suitable replacements for petrol and can be used to synthesize diesel and jet fuel. Engineering microorganisms can be used to produce advanced biofuels that can directly replace petroleum-based fuels. Two major biofuels have been most widely commercialized: bioethanol and biodiesel, which are obtained from various sources.

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