CRISPR/Cas9 system is one of the most common used gene-editing tools, which was first described as an immune defense system. Considering its easy-to-use, simple-to-design and multiplexed engineering, CRISPR/Cas9 is widely used for genome engineering in microbes, mammalian cells/models and plants. However, the inefficiency of precise base editing and off-target activities remains. To get rid of this situation, base editing is developed as a new genome editing technology, which can be widely used in mammalian cells, plants, microbes and model organisms. Base editing enables the irreversible conversion of a specific DNA base into another at a targeted genomic locus, for example conversing C to T, or A to G. Unlike other genome-editing tools, base editing can be achieved without double-strand breaks. When introducing a point mutation at a target locus, base editing is more efficient than traditional genome editing techniques. Since many genetic diseases arise from point mutations, base editing has important applications in disease research.

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