Antibiotics are critical for the treatment of infectious diseases in humans and are often used agriculturally to control the spread of disease among livestock and crops. Antibiotic production can be grouped into three methods: natural fermentation, semi-synthetic, and synthetic. Semi-synthetic production of antibiotics is a combination of natural fermentation and laboratory work to maximize the antibiotic. Antibiotics are produced industrially by fermentation process, where the source microorganism is grown in large fermenters containing a liquid growth medium. Membrane filtration is also used in the production of antibiotics.

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