Neuropathic optical pain arises due to dysfunction or damage of the ocular nervous system. The ocular nervous system consists of the cornea, retina and trigeminal ganglion which transmits nerve impulses from the eye to the brain. Any disruption or injury to these ocular nerves and ganglia can lead to neuropathic pain.

The cornea is the most densely innervated tissue in the body and contains free nerve endings which transmit information about temperature, chemical irritation and mechanical stimuli to the trigeminal ganglion. Diseases like herpes simplex keratitis or surgeries involving the cornea can damage these nerve fibers, resulting in spontaneous pain, allodynia (pain due to normally non-painful stimuli) and hyperalgesia (exaggerated pain response).

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