Surface Mining: Extracting Resources from the Earth

Open-pit mining and mountaintop removal mining are the two main open-pit mining methods used today. Open-pit mining involves excavating rock and soil from an open pit or borrow area. This type of mining is practical when mineral deposits are located close to the surface. It's widely used to extract ores containing valuable metals like gold, silver, iron and copper.

Surface Mining techniques have significant environmental and social impacts compared to underground mining. The digging and removal of topsoil and rock sheets permanently alters the surrounding landscape and topography. Large pits and draglines displace entire communities and alter drainage patterns in surrounding areas.

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