Muscle fatigue during prolonged exercise is a complex phenomenon influenced by both peripheral and central factors within the realm of human physiology. Peripheral factors encompass processes occurring directly within the muscle, such as the depletion of energy substrates like adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the accumulation of metabolites like lactate, and impaired muscle contractile function. These elements contribute to the decline in muscle performance over time.

On the other hand, central factors involve the role of the central nervous system (CNS) in regulating muscle function. The CNS plays a pivotal role in motor unit recruitment, adjusting the number of muscle fibers activated based on the intensity and duration of the exercise.

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