3 months ago
Jagatjit Rotavator Jagro H2 is known for its high operational efficiency. Its design allows for faster and more thorough soil tillage, reducing the time and labor required for land preparation. If you are the one who is looking to improve their farm’s soil preparation processes then you can buy Jagro H2 Rotavator by Jagatjit. And for more information about it visit Tractor Junction.
https://www.tractorjunctio...
#JagatjitRotavator #JagatjitRotavatorJagroH2 #JagatjitRotavatorJagro
https://www.tractorjunctio...
#JagatjitRotavator #JagatjitRotavatorJagroH2 #JagatjitRotavatorJagro
4 months ago
Looking for a budget friendly Shaktiman 5 Feet Rotavator? If yes then you are at right place. Tractor Junction is India's leading online platform where you can find a wide range of Shaktiman Rotavators with detailed specification, HP range and pricing. Start your search today! Shaktiman Rotavator 5 Feet Price
For More Visit: https://www.tractorjunctio...
#Rotavator #ShaktimanRotavator
For More Visit: https://www.tractorjunctio...
#Rotavator #ShaktimanRotavator
5 months ago
Unleashing Power and Efficiency: The Swaraj 855 FE Tractor
The agricultural sector, often referred to as the backbone of the economy, relies heavily on robust and efficient machinery to meet the growing demands of food production. Among the many tractors available in the market, the Swaraj 855 FE stands out as a formidable contender, combining power, efficiency, and versatility to cater to the diverse needs of farmers. With a detailed examination of its specifications, it becomes evident why the Swaraj 855 FE is a preferred choice for modern-day farming. The Swaraj 855 price is competitive, offering excellent value for its robust features. For farmers seeking powerful performance, the Swaraj 855 price makes it a cost-effective choice in the 52 HP tractor category.
Engine and Performance
At the heart of the Swaraj 855 FE is its powerful engine, designed to deliver superior performance across various farming tasks. The tractor is equipped with a 4-stroke, direct injection, diesel engine, which is known for its durability and fuel efficiency. Rated at 2000 RPM, this engine falls under the 52 HP category, making it capable of handling a wide range of agricultural implements and operations.
With a displacement of 3307 CC and a configuration of three cylinders, the engine produces a maximum torque of 213 Nm. This high torque ensures that the tractor can perform heavy-duty tasks with ease, whether it's plowing fields, hauling loads, or operating machinery. The engine also features a 3-stage oil bath type air cleaner and a water-cooled cooling system with a no-loss tank, ensuring optimal performance and longevity even in harsh working conditions.
Transmission and Gears
The Swaraj 855 FE offers a robust transmission system, featuring 8 forward gears and 2 reverse gears. This partial constant mesh gearbox ensures smooth and efficient gear shifting, providing a wide range of speed options. The forward speed ranges from 3.1 to 30.9 km/h, while the reverse speed ranges from 2.6 to 12.9 km/h. This versatility in speed selection allows farmers to adapt to different types of field work, from slow and precise tasks to faster operations.
The clutch system in the Swaraj 855 FE is designed for reliability and ease of use. It comes with a single dry disc friction plate with a diameter of 305 mm, and there's an option for a dual clutch. This configuration ensures smooth engagement and disengagement, reducing operator fatigue and enhancing productivity.
Power Take Off (PTO)
One of the critical features of the Swaraj 855 FE is its Power Take Off (PTO) capability. The tractor offers a maximum PTO power of 42.9 HP at 540 RPM, making it compatible with a wide range of PTO-driven implements such as rotavators, seeders, and harvesters. This versatility enhances the tractor's utility, allowing farmers to perform multiple tasks with a single machine.
Steering and Hydraulics
The Swaraj 855 FE is available with mechanical steering as standard, w
The agricultural sector, often referred to as the backbone of the economy, relies heavily on robust and efficient machinery to meet the growing demands of food production. Among the many tractors available in the market, the Swaraj 855 FE stands out as a formidable contender, combining power, efficiency, and versatility to cater to the diverse needs of farmers. With a detailed examination of its specifications, it becomes evident why the Swaraj 855 FE is a preferred choice for modern-day farming. The Swaraj 855 price is competitive, offering excellent value for its robust features. For farmers seeking powerful performance, the Swaraj 855 price makes it a cost-effective choice in the 52 HP tractor category.
Engine and Performance
At the heart of the Swaraj 855 FE is its powerful engine, designed to deliver superior performance across various farming tasks. The tractor is equipped with a 4-stroke, direct injection, diesel engine, which is known for its durability and fuel efficiency. Rated at 2000 RPM, this engine falls under the 52 HP category, making it capable of handling a wide range of agricultural implements and operations.
With a displacement of 3307 CC and a configuration of three cylinders, the engine produces a maximum torque of 213 Nm. This high torque ensures that the tractor can perform heavy-duty tasks with ease, whether it's plowing fields, hauling loads, or operating machinery. The engine also features a 3-stage oil bath type air cleaner and a water-cooled cooling system with a no-loss tank, ensuring optimal performance and longevity even in harsh working conditions.
Transmission and Gears
The Swaraj 855 FE offers a robust transmission system, featuring 8 forward gears and 2 reverse gears. This partial constant mesh gearbox ensures smooth and efficient gear shifting, providing a wide range of speed options. The forward speed ranges from 3.1 to 30.9 km/h, while the reverse speed ranges from 2.6 to 12.9 km/h. This versatility in speed selection allows farmers to adapt to different types of field work, from slow and precise tasks to faster operations.
The clutch system in the Swaraj 855 FE is designed for reliability and ease of use. It comes with a single dry disc friction plate with a diameter of 305 mm, and there's an option for a dual clutch. This configuration ensures smooth engagement and disengagement, reducing operator fatigue and enhancing productivity.
Power Take Off (PTO)
One of the critical features of the Swaraj 855 FE is its Power Take Off (PTO) capability. The tractor offers a maximum PTO power of 42.9 HP at 540 RPM, making it compatible with a wide range of PTO-driven implements such as rotavators, seeders, and harvesters. This versatility enhances the tractor's utility, allowing farmers to perform multiple tasks with a single machine.
Steering and Hydraulics
The Swaraj 855 FE is available with mechanical steering as standard, w
5 months ago
India's agricultural sector is a cornerstone of its economy, employing a significant portion of the population and contributing substantially to the nation's GDP. As the demand for food production increases, the need for efficiency and productivity in farming practices has never been more critical. Modern agricultural implements play a vital role in enhancing farm productivity, reducing labor, and increasing efficiency. Here, we explore the top five most useful agricultural implements in India: the tractor, harvester, rotavator, seed drill, and cultivator.
1. Tractor
The tractor is the backbone of modern agriculture in India. It is a versatile machine that performs a multitude of tasks, ranging from plowing fields to transporting goods. The introduction of tractors revolutionized Indian farming, shifting it from traditional, labor-intensive methods to more mechanized and efficient practices.
Benefits of Tractors:
- Versatility: Tractors can be used for various tasks, including plowing, tilling, planting, and hauling.
- Efficiency: They significantly reduce the time and labor required for farm operations.
- Power: Modern tractors come with powerful engines that can handle heavy-duty tasks and work on diverse terrains.
Popular Models in India:
- Mahindra & Mahindra: Known for its durability and performance.
- Tafe: Offers a wide range of tractors suitable for different farming needs.
- Sonalika: Provides tractors with advanced technology and features.
2. Harvester
Harvesters are essential for reaping, threshing, and cleaning crops, making them crucial during the harvesting season. The advent of combine harvesters, which combine these processes into a single operation, has significantly enhanced the efficiency of crop harvesting.
Benefits of Harvesters:
-Time-Saving: Harvesters can complete the work of several manual laborers in a fraction of the time.
- Reduction in Crop Loss: Mechanized harvesting reduces crop loss and damage.
- Cost-Effective: Although the initial investment is high, the long-term savings on labor costs and reduced crop wastage make harvesters cost-effective.
Popular Models in India:
- John Deere: Known for reliability and advanced technology.
- Swaraj: Offers robust and efficient models suited for Indian conditions.
- Kubota: Provides high-performance harvesters with innovative features.
3. Rotavator
The rotavator, also known as a rotary tiller, is a crucial implement for soil preparation. It breaks up and aerates the soil, making it ideal for seedbed preparation and weed control. The rotavator's ability to mix the soil thoroughly helps improve soil health and crop yields.
Benefits of Rotavators:
- Efficient Soil Preparation: Rotavators prepare the soil faster and more efficiently than traditional plowing methods.
- Weed Control: They help in controlling weeds by cutting and mixing them into the soil.
- Soil Health: By aerating the soil, rotavators improve soil structure and fertility.
Popu
1. Tractor
The tractor is the backbone of modern agriculture in India. It is a versatile machine that performs a multitude of tasks, ranging from plowing fields to transporting goods. The introduction of tractors revolutionized Indian farming, shifting it from traditional, labor-intensive methods to more mechanized and efficient practices.
Benefits of Tractors:
- Versatility: Tractors can be used for various tasks, including plowing, tilling, planting, and hauling.
- Efficiency: They significantly reduce the time and labor required for farm operations.
- Power: Modern tractors come with powerful engines that can handle heavy-duty tasks and work on diverse terrains.
Popular Models in India:
- Mahindra & Mahindra: Known for its durability and performance.
- Tafe: Offers a wide range of tractors suitable for different farming needs.
- Sonalika: Provides tractors with advanced technology and features.
2. Harvester
Harvesters are essential for reaping, threshing, and cleaning crops, making them crucial during the harvesting season. The advent of combine harvesters, which combine these processes into a single operation, has significantly enhanced the efficiency of crop harvesting.
Benefits of Harvesters:
-Time-Saving: Harvesters can complete the work of several manual laborers in a fraction of the time.
- Reduction in Crop Loss: Mechanized harvesting reduces crop loss and damage.
- Cost-Effective: Although the initial investment is high, the long-term savings on labor costs and reduced crop wastage make harvesters cost-effective.
Popular Models in India:
- John Deere: Known for reliability and advanced technology.
- Swaraj: Offers robust and efficient models suited for Indian conditions.
- Kubota: Provides high-performance harvesters with innovative features.
3. Rotavator
The rotavator, also known as a rotary tiller, is a crucial implement for soil preparation. It breaks up and aerates the soil, making it ideal for seedbed preparation and weed control. The rotavator's ability to mix the soil thoroughly helps improve soil health and crop yields.
Benefits of Rotavators:
- Efficient Soil Preparation: Rotavators prepare the soil faster and more efficiently than traditional plowing methods.
- Weed Control: They help in controlling weeds by cutting and mixing them into the soil.
- Soil Health: By aerating the soil, rotavators improve soil structure and fertility.
Popu
5 months ago
Top 5 Most Useful Agricultural Implements in India
India's agricultural sector is a cornerstone of its economy, employing a significant portion of the population and contributing substantially to the nation's GDP. As the demand for food production increases, the need for efficiency and productivity in farming practices has never been more critical. Modern agricultural implements play a vital role in enhancing farm productivity, reducing labor, and increasing efficiency. Here, we explore the top five most useful agricultural implements in India: the tractor, harvester, rotavator, seed drill, and cultivator.
1. Tractor
The tractor is the backbone of modern agriculture in India. It is a versatile machine that performs a multitude of tasks, ranging from plowing fields to transporting goods. The introduction of tractors revolutionized Indian farming, shifting it from traditional, labor-intensive methods to more mechanized and efficient practices.
Benefits of Tractors:
- Versatility: Tractors can be used for various tasks, including plowing, tilling, planting, and hauling.
- Efficiency: They significantly reduce the time and labor required for farm operations.
- Power: Modern tractors come with powerful engines that can handle heavy-duty tasks and work on diverse terrains.
Popular Models in India:
- Mahindra & Mahindra: Known for its durability and performance.
- Tafe: Offers a wide range of tractors suitable for different farming needs.
- Sonalika: Provides tractors with advanced technology and features.
2. Harvester
Harvesters are essential for reaping, threshing, and cleaning crops, making them crucial during the harvesting season. The advent of combine harvesters, which combine these processes into a single operation, has significantly enhanced the efficiency of crop harvesting.
Benefits of Harvesters:
-Time-Saving: Harvesters can complete the work of several manual laborers in a fraction of the time.
- Reduction in Crop Loss: Mechanized harvesting reduces crop loss and damage.
- Cost-Effective: Although the initial investment is high, the long-term savings on labor costs and reduced crop wastage make harvesters cost-effective.
Popular Models in India:
- John Deere: Known for reliability and advanced technology.
- Swaraj: Offers robust and efficient models suited for Indian conditions.
- Kubota: Provides high-performance harvesters with innovative features.
3. Rotavator
The rotavator, also known as a rotary tiller, is a crucial implement for soil preparation. It breaks up and aerates the soil, making it ideal for seedbed preparation and weed control. The rotavator's ability to mix the soil thoroughly helps improve soil health and crop yields.
Benefits of Rotavators:
- Efficient Soil Preparation: Rotavators prepare the soil faster and more efficiently than traditional plowing methods.
- Weed Control: They help in controlling weeds by cutting and mixing them into the soil.
- Soil Health: By aerating the soil, ro
India's agricultural sector is a cornerstone of its economy, employing a significant portion of the population and contributing substantially to the nation's GDP. As the demand for food production increases, the need for efficiency and productivity in farming practices has never been more critical. Modern agricultural implements play a vital role in enhancing farm productivity, reducing labor, and increasing efficiency. Here, we explore the top five most useful agricultural implements in India: the tractor, harvester, rotavator, seed drill, and cultivator.
1. Tractor
The tractor is the backbone of modern agriculture in India. It is a versatile machine that performs a multitude of tasks, ranging from plowing fields to transporting goods. The introduction of tractors revolutionized Indian farming, shifting it from traditional, labor-intensive methods to more mechanized and efficient practices.
Benefits of Tractors:
- Versatility: Tractors can be used for various tasks, including plowing, tilling, planting, and hauling.
- Efficiency: They significantly reduce the time and labor required for farm operations.
- Power: Modern tractors come with powerful engines that can handle heavy-duty tasks and work on diverse terrains.
Popular Models in India:
- Mahindra & Mahindra: Known for its durability and performance.
- Tafe: Offers a wide range of tractors suitable for different farming needs.
- Sonalika: Provides tractors with advanced technology and features.
2. Harvester
Harvesters are essential for reaping, threshing, and cleaning crops, making them crucial during the harvesting season. The advent of combine harvesters, which combine these processes into a single operation, has significantly enhanced the efficiency of crop harvesting.
Benefits of Harvesters:
-Time-Saving: Harvesters can complete the work of several manual laborers in a fraction of the time.
- Reduction in Crop Loss: Mechanized harvesting reduces crop loss and damage.
- Cost-Effective: Although the initial investment is high, the long-term savings on labor costs and reduced crop wastage make harvesters cost-effective.
Popular Models in India:
- John Deere: Known for reliability and advanced technology.
- Swaraj: Offers robust and efficient models suited for Indian conditions.
- Kubota: Provides high-performance harvesters with innovative features.
3. Rotavator
The rotavator, also known as a rotary tiller, is a crucial implement for soil preparation. It breaks up and aerates the soil, making it ideal for seedbed preparation and weed control. The rotavator's ability to mix the soil thoroughly helps improve soil health and crop yields.
Benefits of Rotavators:
- Efficient Soil Preparation: Rotavators prepare the soil faster and more efficiently than traditional plowing methods.
- Weed Control: They help in controlling weeds by cutting and mixing them into the soil.
- Soil Health: By aerating the soil, ro
5 months ago
Essential Agricultural Implements: Enhancing Modern Farming Practices
Agriculture has always been the backbone of human civilization, and with the advent of modern technology, farming practices have seen significant advancements. Among the myriad tools that have revolutionized agriculture, some of the most essential include harvesters, rotavators, seed drills, and cultivators. These implements have not only increased efficiency but also contributed to the sustainable use of resources. This article delves into the functions and benefits of these crucial agricultural tools, along with a detailed look at the different types of cultivators.
Harvesters
Harvesters are machines designed to efficiently gather crops from the fields. They are a critical component in modern farming, significantly reducing the labor and time required for harvesting. The primary types of harvesters include:
1. Combine Harvesters: These are versatile machines that combine three separate harvesting operations - reaping, threshing, and winnowing - into a single process. They are used for harvesting grains such as wheat, oats, rye, barley, and corn.
2. Forage Harvesters: Also known as silage harvesters or choppers, these machines are used to harvest plant material to make silage, a type of fodder for livestock.
3. Sugarcane Harvesters: These are specialized machines used for harvesting sugarcane. They cut the cane stalks, strip the leaves, and load the stalks into trailers.
The use of harvesters has led to increased productivity and reduced post-harvest losses, ensuring that crops are harvested at their optimal time and condition.
Rotavators
A rotavator, or rotary tiller, is a powerful agricultural tool used for preparing the soil for planting. It is a tractor-drawn implement that has a series of blades (rotors) which spin and break up the soil, making it fine and aerated. This process enhances soil structure and facilitates better seed germination and root growth.
Key benefits of using rotavators include:
- Soil Aeration: By breaking up clods and compacted soil, rotavators improve soil aeration, which is crucial for root health and nutrient uptake.
- Weed Control: The blades of the rotavator help in uprooting weeds, thus reducing competition for nutrients and water.
- Uniform Soil Texture: Rotavators create a uniform and fine seedbed, which is essential for consistent seed planting depth and crop emergence.
Seed Drill
Seed drill are devices that plant seeds in the soil at precise intervals and depths. This tool has revolutionized planting by ensuring that seeds are sown evenly and at the correct depth, which is critical for optimal germination and growth.
Advantages of seed drills include:
- Precision Planting: Seed drills ensure that seeds are planted at uniform spacing and depth, leading to better crop stands and higher yields.
- Reduced Seed Wastage: By placing seeds accurately, seed drill minimize wastage, making the planti
Agriculture has always been the backbone of human civilization, and with the advent of modern technology, farming practices have seen significant advancements. Among the myriad tools that have revolutionized agriculture, some of the most essential include harvesters, rotavators, seed drills, and cultivators. These implements have not only increased efficiency but also contributed to the sustainable use of resources. This article delves into the functions and benefits of these crucial agricultural tools, along with a detailed look at the different types of cultivators.
Harvesters
Harvesters are machines designed to efficiently gather crops from the fields. They are a critical component in modern farming, significantly reducing the labor and time required for harvesting. The primary types of harvesters include:
1. Combine Harvesters: These are versatile machines that combine three separate harvesting operations - reaping, threshing, and winnowing - into a single process. They are used for harvesting grains such as wheat, oats, rye, barley, and corn.
2. Forage Harvesters: Also known as silage harvesters or choppers, these machines are used to harvest plant material to make silage, a type of fodder for livestock.
3. Sugarcane Harvesters: These are specialized machines used for harvesting sugarcane. They cut the cane stalks, strip the leaves, and load the stalks into trailers.
The use of harvesters has led to increased productivity and reduced post-harvest losses, ensuring that crops are harvested at their optimal time and condition.
Rotavators
A rotavator, or rotary tiller, is a powerful agricultural tool used for preparing the soil for planting. It is a tractor-drawn implement that has a series of blades (rotors) which spin and break up the soil, making it fine and aerated. This process enhances soil structure and facilitates better seed germination and root growth.
Key benefits of using rotavators include:
- Soil Aeration: By breaking up clods and compacted soil, rotavators improve soil aeration, which is crucial for root health and nutrient uptake.
- Weed Control: The blades of the rotavator help in uprooting weeds, thus reducing competition for nutrients and water.
- Uniform Soil Texture: Rotavators create a uniform and fine seedbed, which is essential for consistent seed planting depth and crop emergence.
Seed Drill
Seed drill are devices that plant seeds in the soil at precise intervals and depths. This tool has revolutionized planting by ensuring that seeds are sown evenly and at the correct depth, which is critical for optimal germination and growth.
Advantages of seed drills include:
- Precision Planting: Seed drills ensure that seeds are planted at uniform spacing and depth, leading to better crop stands and higher yields.
- Reduced Seed Wastage: By placing seeds accurately, seed drill minimize wastage, making the planti
7 months ago
Powertrac 439 price in india
The Powertrac 439 Plus Powerhouse stands out as a top-tier tractor, featuring 45 horsepower and a plethora of advanced features. It incorporates specialized diesel-saving technology, ensuring not only fuel efficiency but also additional power output. Priced between Rs. 7.30 lakh* and Rs. 7.50 lakh* in India in 2024, this tractor offers excellent value for money. Equipped with new features enhancing operational flexibility, the Powertrac 439 Plus Powerhouse excels in hauling activities, ensuring heightened productivity and speed with its 1600 kg Sensi 1 lift capacity. Its 3-cylinder engine, boasting 2200 RPM and 2490 cc displacement, runs smoothly and continuously for extended durations, making it suitable for various tasks, including handling large tools like rotavators, trolleys, and plows. Renowned for its capability to tackle heavy-duty tasks, the Powertrac 439 Plus Powerhouse features large tires that provide a smooth and comfortable ride, particularly beneficial for hauling and commercial applications. With its competitive pricing in the Indian market, it emerges as a highly desirable option for farmers and commercial users alike. https://tractorgyan.com/tr...
The Powertrac 439 Plus Powerhouse stands out as a top-tier tractor, featuring 45 horsepower and a plethora of advanced features. It incorporates specialized diesel-saving technology, ensuring not only fuel efficiency but also additional power output. Priced between Rs. 7.30 lakh* and Rs. 7.50 lakh* in India in 2024, this tractor offers excellent value for money. Equipped with new features enhancing operational flexibility, the Powertrac 439 Plus Powerhouse excels in hauling activities, ensuring heightened productivity and speed with its 1600 kg Sensi 1 lift capacity. Its 3-cylinder engine, boasting 2200 RPM and 2490 cc displacement, runs smoothly and continuously for extended durations, making it suitable for various tasks, including handling large tools like rotavators, trolleys, and plows. Renowned for its capability to tackle heavy-duty tasks, the Powertrac 439 Plus Powerhouse features large tires that provide a smooth and comfortable ride, particularly beneficial for hauling and commercial applications. With its competitive pricing in the Indian market, it emerges as a highly desirable option for farmers and commercial users alike. https://tractorgyan.com/tr...
8 months ago
The Maschio Gaspardo Reverse-Forward RWIND Rotavator is a lightweight rotavator with adjustable lower hitch brackets.This rotavator operates in two directions: backward and forward. The rotor design is helical, and the skid shoes are changeable. Let's look at its great characteristics.
https://youtu.be/BrW0Gn4ee...
https://youtu.be/BrW0Gn4ee...
9 months ago
VST Shakti is one of India's leading tractor manufacturers, offering a wide range of tractors for agricultural and commercial use. Vst shakti tractor is made with modern technology and provides high performance, reliability, and quality. The VST Shakti range of tractors includes both 2WD and 4WD models, ranging from 20 to 70 HP. The company also offers a range of implements such as rotavators, ploughs, cultivators, harrows, and more.
https://tractorgyan.com/tr...
https://tractorgyan.com/tr...
10 months ago
Swaraj 855 price in india
https://tractorgyan.com/tr...
The Swaraj 855 FE tractor is a versatile and technologically advanced 2WD tractor. It has a powerful 50 HP engine with 3 cylinders, offering an RPM of 2000 r/min. The tractor is designed for both simple and complex agricultural tasks. The Swaraj 855 FE comes with various features that enhance farming efficiency, including a multi-speed, power steering, strong front-axle, and oil-immersed brakes. It is compatible with various agricultural implements such as the MB plough, straw-making machine, rotavator, Genset compressor, and combine harvester. The Swaraj 855 FE tractor is priced at Rs. 7.80 lakh* to 8.50 lakh* in India in 2023, making it affordable for Indian farmers. It offers a high displacement capacity of 3478 CC, providing durability and increased output. Additionally, the tractor comes with a 6-year warranty for added peace of mind. Overall, the Swaraj 855 FE is a popular and reliable choice for Indian farmers, offering advanced features, affordability, and a comprehensive warranty.
https://tractorgyan.com/tr...
The Swaraj 855 FE tractor is a versatile and technologically advanced 2WD tractor. It has a powerful 50 HP engine with 3 cylinders, offering an RPM of 2000 r/min. The tractor is designed for both simple and complex agricultural tasks. The Swaraj 855 FE comes with various features that enhance farming efficiency, including a multi-speed, power steering, strong front-axle, and oil-immersed brakes. It is compatible with various agricultural implements such as the MB plough, straw-making machine, rotavator, Genset compressor, and combine harvester. The Swaraj 855 FE tractor is priced at Rs. 7.80 lakh* to 8.50 lakh* in India in 2023, making it affordable for Indian farmers. It offers a high displacement capacity of 3478 CC, providing durability and increased output. Additionally, the tractor comes with a 6-year warranty for added peace of mind. Overall, the Swaraj 855 FE is a popular and reliable choice for Indian farmers, offering advanced features, affordability, and a comprehensive warranty.
